Photographic apparatus



July 6,- 1937. w. D. FOSTER 2,085,744

PHOTOGRAPHIG APPARATUS Original Filed Sept. 19, 1925 10 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTOR July 6, 193 7.

W. D. FOSTER PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS Original Filed Sept. 19. 1925 10 Sheets-Sheet 2 July 6, 1937. w. D. FOSTER 2,085,744

PHOTOGRAPHI C APPARATUS Original Filed Sept. 19', 1925 10 Sheets-Sheet 3 ENVENTOR y 6, 1937. w. D. FOSTER 2,085,744

PHGTOGRAPHIG APPARATUS Original Filed Sept, 19. 1925 10 Sheets-Sheet 4 BNVENTOR July 6, 193 7.

Original Filed Sept. 19. 1925 w. D. FOSTER 2,085,744

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS l0 Sheets-Sheet 5 lNVENTOR W. D. FOSTER PHOTOGRAPHIQ APPARATUS July 6, 193 7.

Original Filed Sept. 19, 1925 10 Sheets-Sheet 6 I jaii'Z July 6, 1937.

Original Filed Sept. 19. 1925 W. D. FOSTER PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS 10 Sheets-Sheet 7 INVENTOR.

D, Gk

July 6, 1937. w. D. FOSTER 2,085,744

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS Original Filed Sept. 19. 1925 10 Sheets-Shet 8 INVENTOR Jilly 6, 1937. w. D. FOSTER 2,085,744

PHQTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS Original Filed Sept. 19. 1925 10 Sheets-Sheet 9 INVENTOR July 6, 193 7.

w. D. FOSTER 2,085,744

PHOTOGRAPHIG APPARATUS Original Filed Sept. 19.1925 10 Sheets-Sheet 10 .INVENTOR Patented July 6, 1937 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS poration of New York Original application September 19, 1925, Serial Divided and this application January 15, 1934, Serial No. 706,766. Renewed August 20, 193 i 60 Claims.

The present invention relates generally to film handling apparatus and more particularly to film handling apparatus used in the motion picture art for the taking and projection of pictures in motion with or without sound or still pictures.

It is common practice to drive motion picture apparatus by spring motors or electric motors. Various operations related to changes of work conditions in such apparatus are preferably performed while the motor is drivingly connected to the apparatus or immediately after its disconnection therefrom. Many of such operations are performed very quickly and heretofore have caused considerable objectionable strain on certain parts of the apparatus, and worse still, have brought strain on the film which, as is well known, is relatively delicate and frangible.

It is an object of the present invention to provide means which can be applied to any kind of power driven film handling apparatus for reducing the strains on the parts and on the film caused by changes in work conditions of the apparatus while itis being driven by a source of power or just prior to the operation of a control mechanism which renders the source of power ineffective upon all or a portion of the operable parts of the apparatus.

Strains caused in a motor driven film handling apparatus by changes in work conditions of the apparatus sometimes may be avoided by stopping the motor and apparatus before or while each change of work condition takes place. Such procedure, in addition to causing a considerable loss of time in the course of a days operations, ordinarily requires that the motor be started from a dead stop against the full load of the apparatus thus causing objectionable strain. It is another object of the present invention to provide means for use with a motor driven motion picture appa ratus which are effective withou stopping the motor and apparatus for reducing the strains upon the apparatus caused by sudden changes in work conditions.

In certain kinds of film handling apparatus it is desirable quickly to stop the movement of the film in a predetermined position. It is an object of the present invention to provide improved means for stcpping the moving film in a film handling apparatus in predetermined relation to certain parts of the apparatus without causing undue strain on the dim or upon the apparatus.

It is desirable in stopping the fast revolving shutter of a motion picture projector for showing still pictures to do so quickly but without (Cl. Sit-dill) causing a severe shock or strain on the moving shutter, and. the other parts of the projector connected therewith. To provide means for stopping a shutter in this desirable way is another object of the present invention. Similarly, in a camera it is necessary to stop the shutter in a predetermined relation to the optical axis of the apparatus, and this stopping operation should also take place without jar or strain.

This application is a division from my co-pending application serial Number 57,392, filed September 19. 1925, which matured into Patent No. 1,943,303 dated Jan. 16, 1934. In my parent application there are disclosed a plurality of diiierent means for reducing the speed of a motor drivingly connected to a motion picture apparatus for reducing strains on parts of the apparatus and the work piece when changes in the work conditions of the apparatus take place. Combinations of speed-reducing means with a motor and with various operable parts or the apparatus, are broadly claimed in my parent application as is also the introduction of resistance into the motor circuit. Means for applying braking means (but not covering in their scope the introduction of resistance into the motor circuit) to a source of power drivingly connected to film handling apparatus concomitantly with the operation of control mechanism such as is described in my parent application for efiecting certain changes in work conditions of the apparatus are described and claimed in the present divisional application.

The present invention is illustrated as applied to the film handling apparatus described in my parent application. It will be understood as the description proceeds that the braking means of the present invention may be applied in a similar manner to other forms of material handling apparatus regardless of whether they are driven by an electric motor or a spring motor or any other source of power.

Another object of my invention is to provide in a power-driven film handling apparatus which has means for rewinding a film means for applying a braking force to the power which drives the apparatus for reducing the momentum of the entire apparatus and the various operable parts thereof preparatory to the change in the direction of movement of the film upon the beginning of the rewinding operation.

Another object of my invention is to provide means for applying a braking force to a powerdriven film handling apparatus at predetermined points in the film travel and to maintain the application of said braking force during a predetermined period and then to release said braking force again to permit normal operation of the apparatus.

Control of a film handling apparatus may be advantageously secured by the operative connection of various operable parts of the apparatus with a continuously operating driving means, such as a motor, and their disconnection therefrom. If such operations are carried out without first reducing the speed of the driving means, jar and strain result. An important object of my invention is automatically to apply a braking force to such continuously operating driving means just prior to the operation of such means. Another object of my invention is automatically to release such braking force after the need for it has passed.

In order to provide a disclosure suitable for making clear and definite the numerous and different advantages obtainable by applying a braking means to the source of power of an apparatus concomitantly with the operation of control mechanism for g, the apparatus, a large portion of the descriptive matter of my parent application appears hereinafter. It can be seen as the description proceeds that my invention may be advantageously embodied in other and more complicated apparatus which is governed by control mechanism. Forexample, such an apparatus is shown in application Serial Number 352,525, filed April 4, 1929, and owned by the assignees'of the present application.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the followingspecification and drawings constituting a part thereof, the drawings being for purposes of illustration only of certain preferred embodiments of my invention, in which changes with respect both to operation and construction may be made without departing either from the spirit of my invention or scope of my broader.claims In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a right side elevation of the machine, certain parts of the lamp housing being broken away;

Figure 2-is a left side elevation of the machine;

Figure 3 is a partial right side elevation broken away to show actuating parts in film threading position;

Figure 4 is a partial left side elevation broken away to show actuating parts in film threading position;

Figure 5 is a cross section on the line V-V of Figure 2 looking in the direction of the arrows;

Figure 6 is a partial view taken on the line VI-VI of Figure 1 showing the right side only to illustrate a portion of the gate;

Figure '7 is a. partial bottom plan view showing actuating levers in normal intermittent projection position;

Figure 8 is a partial bottom plan view showing I the actuating mechanism;

-Figure 13 is a view similar to Figure 12 and showing still another form of circuit control;

Figures 14 and 15 are views similar to Figure 12 and showing constructions in which the edges of the film control the actuating mechanism;

Figure 16 is a view similar to Figure 12 illustrating a control obtained by means of the diameter of the film on its respective carriers;

Figure 17 is a diagrammatic view illustrating one form of control in which the speed of the feeding mechanism is automatically reduced by means of a brake;

Figure 18 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a circuit including a time element adapted for periodically changing the projection from projection in motion to still projection and maintaining such projection for a predetermined time interval or multiple of such intervals; 1

Figures 19 and 20 are diagrammatic views illustrating different forms of mechanism for insurin the shutter stopping in the desired position for still projection, Figure 19 illustrating a magnetic control, and Figure 20 a mechanical control;

' Figure 21 is a detail view of one form of film;

Figure 22 is a cross sectional view taken upon the lines 22-22 of Figure 6.

Certain of the features of the present invention, and more particularly those with respect to the automatic means formaintaining the desired tension on the film are shown and claimed in the co-pending application of Clarkson U. Bundick and Barton A. Proctor, Serial Number 44,482, filed July 18, 1925 which matured into Patent No. 1,944,022 dated Jan. 16, 1934.

In carrying out the present invention there may be provided an apparatus comprising a supporting base B having mounted thereon a lamp and resistance containing housing H and a supporting frame F upon which are mounted the operating parts of the film feeding and controlling mechanism per se.

Preferably-carried by the frame F and projecting laterally from one side thereof in predetermined spaced relationship is a pair of reel receiving spindles 2 and 3, the upper spindle 2 being adapted for the holding of a reel of film during the feeding movement thereof and adapted to effect rewinding of the film at the conclusion of the feeding movement, while the lower spindle 3 is adapted to be positively driven simultaneously with the feeding movement for coiling or taking up the film as required.

The film itself is preferably carried in a combined storage and exhibiting protector comprising a pair of containers 4 and 5 having a pivotal connection 6 whereby the containers may be relatively'separated to a predetermined extent to expose the desired length of film therebetween. This construction may be substantially as disclosed and claimed in the United States Patent Number 1,440,173, granted December 26, 1922, to

" The lower spindle 3, which will hereafter be referred to asthe driving spindle, is journalled for rotation in a suitable bearing! in the frame F. The back of the frame is formed with an enlarged boss through which the spindle extends, and beyond theboss there is secured to the spindle a combined brake drum 8 and friction driving member9. The driving member 9 has a. friction surface in with which is adapted to cooperate a second friction member H in the form of a disc. The disc. II and the driving member! are preferably held in frictional engagement by means of springs l2 carried by the member 9 and bearing against the disc i I through the medium of an annulus i3, the springs being held under the desired tension and the annulus being maintained in position by adjusting screws l4.

Projecting rearwardly from the disc H is a driving lug l5 adapted to be engaged by a clutch hereinafter described in detail by means of which the driving spindle 3 may be frictionally rotated.

Projecting upwardly from the base B in spaced relation to the frame F is a bearing bracket l6 carrying a bearing 11 for a shaft I8 extending in alignment with the driving spindle 3. Secured in any desired manner to the shaft l8 for rotation therewith is a worm wheel I9 adapted to be driven by a worm 20 secured to a horizontally positioned driving shaft 2| located in the rear of the frame F. This shaft at its forward end is mounted in spaced bearings 22 carried by the bracket I6 and is connected to a driving motor M through a flexible coupling 23 of any desired or usual construction. By reason of this mechanism, it will be apparent that when the motor M is operated the shaft ill will be positively driven through the worm and wheel before referred to. For transmitting this rotational movement from the shaft it to the spindle 3 at will there is provided a sleeve 25 secured in any desired manner to the inner end of the shaft i8 and having slidably mounted thereon a collar 25 from which project pins 26 slidable through the enlarged end ill of the sleeve 24. By moving the collar 25 to the right as viewed in Figure 5, the pins 26 are projected into the path of travel of the driving lug l5 whereby a drive is positively transmitted to the driving spindle. This clutch will hereinafter be referred to as the driving spindle clutch.

The spindle 2, which will hereinafter be designated the rewinding spindle, is mounted similarly to the driving spindle 3 in a bearing 23 carried by the frame F, and has secured to its rear end a brake drum 29 from which projects a pin or lug 3Q. Extending in alignment with the rewinding spindle 2 is a shaft 3i suitably journalled in a bearing 32 carried by a bracket illustrated as secured to the frame F. Mounted on the inner end of the shaft H is a sleeve t l having an enlarged end 34' through which project pins 35 carried by a collar 36 and constituting a rewinding clutch similar in construction and operation to the construction of the driving spindle clutch. Upon movement of the collar to the right as viewed in Figure 5, the pins 35 will be brought into the path of travel of the pin or lug 3h whereby the rewinding spindle 2 may be operated for effecting a rewinding of a previously displayed length of film.

For driving the shaft El, it may conveniently have secured thereto a pulley 37] in line with a similar pulley 38 mounted on the outer end of a stub shaft 39 secured in the bracket it. Also mounted on the shaft 3%) is a spur gear lll adapted to be driven by a similar, but preferably larger gear M on the outer end of the shaft 118. By passing asuitable belt around the pulleys 3i! and 38 it will be apparent that the shafts l8 and ill may be simultaneously rotated by the motor M, the shaft 3| preferably rotating at a higher speed than the shaft l8, and that rotative movement in turn may be imparted by either of these shafts to the respective spindles with which they are in alignment by suitable operation of the controlling clutches.

Mounted on the frame F adjacent the motor M and preferably on the front side of the frame is a gate section 42 preferably secured in any desired manner as by screws 43 against movement relatively to the frame. This section is preferably formed with an aperture 44 through which light may be projected as well understood in the art, and with a film guiding depression 45 extending lengthwise of the section, and intersecting the opening 44, for the travel of the film. Cooperating with the section 42 is a relatively movable section 46 preferably guided by a pin 41 projecting outwardly from the section 42, and secured to one end of a gate opening rod 48 slidable through a suitable opening in the gate section 42 and a suit able bearing 49 on the frame F. By reason of this construction, it will be apparent that when the rod 48 is moved to the left as viewed in Figure 1, it will be effective for moving the section at away from the section 42 to permit the removal of a film and the insertion of a new film, while movement in the opposite direction will bring the sections into cooperative relationship.

For effecting the desired intermittent feeding motion of a film in position in the gate, there may be provided a feeding sprocket 56 having film engaging teeth hl adapted to engage apertures 52 substantially centrally positioned in the film as shown, for example, in Figure 21. This sprocket is mounted on a shaft 53 extending transversely through the frame F and carrying at its opposite end a star wheel 5d. This star wheel, which may be of any well known construction, is adapted to be intermittently driven by means of a cam 55 secured adjacent one end of a shutter shaft 56 journalled at one end in a grease casing C within which are mounted the cam 55 and star wheel 5d, and at its opposite end journalled in a suitable bearing 5'! carried by a bracket 58 projecting rearwardly from the frame F.

Mounted loosely on the shaft 56 adjacent the opposite end thereof is a pulley 59 adapted to be rendered operative at will by a clutch collar 62. The clutch collar is normally urged in such direction as to be in frictional driving engagement with the pulley 59 by means of a spring 63 abutting at one end against the bottom of a spring receiving recess formed in the collar and at the other end against a shoulder i l on a spring sleeve 66 secured in any desired manner to the shaft 56 for rotation therewith. Secured to the shaft 56 outside of the pulley 59 is a hub S'l carrying a shutter 68 for operation as well understood in the art. The hub @l and the shoulder lid take all of the thrust exerted by the spring 53 whereby the shaft 58 as a whole is relieved from any end thrust.

Secured to the end of the driving shaft 2i, and preferably substantially in line with the pulley 59 is a pulley fill around which may pass a belt ll! for driving the pulley '59 from the drive shaft.

the drawings, is a stripping shield ll carried by the inner end of the pin 72 supported in a suitable manner by a bearing 13 constituting part of the fixed gate section 42. Also secured to the shaft it is a pinion M with which meshes an arcuate rack l5 having a pivotal mounting l6 and operated simultaneously with the operation of the gate rod 8 by means of a pin'll projecting outwardly from the gate opening rod and engaging a slot 18 in the extension 19 of the arcuate rack. With the construction just described, movement of the gate opening rod to the left as viewed in Figure 1 for the purpose of opening the relatively separable gate sections, will effect rotation of the rack in a counterclockwise direction as viewed in this figure, thereby rotating the shield in a clockwise direction. This rotational movement of the shield will be effective 'for engaging the film f and stripping the same from the sprocket preparatory to the removal of the film from the apparatus. It will remain in this position covering certain of the teeth of the sprocket during the application of a new film or during rewinding, whereby the threading operation of the film is greatly expedited or the film protected during rewinding.

For further assisting the threading movement, the relatively fixed gate section 42 is provided with a projecting guide 80 having a generally curved contour for gradually feeding the film over the fixed gate section, the guide having a downwardly curved and inclined lower end 8| for insuring passage of the film over the sprocket and an upwardly inclined and curved upper end 82 for the purpose hereinafter more fully set forth. The frame F also has secured thereto a secondary guide member 83 positioned in spaced relation to the guiding member 80 and adapted to extend substantially in alignment with the inner face of the movable gate section when it has been moved to open position, whereby the film is effectively guided into position between these gate sections. The member 83 has a curved lower end 84 having a function corresponding to that of the curved end 82 of the guide member 80, and described in detail hereinafter. Projecting downwardly from the lower end of the movable gate section is a pair of spaced guide fingers 85 curved to generally conform to the curvature of the sprocket 50, the space between these'fingers being suflicient to accommodate the teeth 5| of the sprocket. These guides cooperate in a manner, as will be readily apparent from the drawings, to permit a film to be positioned between the gate members by merely moving the same laterally relative to its normal direction of travel through the gate. This greatly lessens thetime required for threading new film into position, and enables the operation to be performed satisfactorily by an unskilled operator In order to entirely obviate the necessity of manually producing slack or loops as heretofore required, there is provided a tension control means of the general character set forth in the application before referred to. This tension control preferably comprises braking means automatically operated by the film, and comprising an upper brake 86 cooperating with the brake boss 1 on the frame F whereby the plate as a drum 29 on the rewinding spindle 2 and a lower brake 81 cooperating with the brake drum 8 on thedriving spindle 2. The upper brake 86 is carried by a brake lever 88 having a pivotal mounting 89 on the frame F at the rear thereof and having secured to its opposite end a film guidez90 projecting forwardly through a suitable opening 9| in the frameF. The lower brake 81 is in turn preferably carried by a curved lever 92 secured toa plate 93 loosely surrounding the unit may be rotated around this boss. At its opposite and the curvedlever 92 is provided with a film guide 94 projecting forwardly through a suitable opening 95 in the frame F. During the feeding of a film through the apparatus all of the parts o'ccupy the position illustrated in Figure 1 while during the threading of a film into position or the removal of a film from the apparatus, the parts occupy the position illustrated in Figure 3. In this latter position it will be noted that the guide 94 occupies such a position with respect to the curved lower end 84 of the guide member 83 as to insure the passage of a film upwardly around the guide 94 automatically upon lateral movement of the film, while the guide 90 occupies such a position with respect to the upwardly inclined curved upper end 82 of the guide member 80 as to insure passage of a film over and around the guide 98 by the operation referred to. The lever 88 is normally swung in such direction as to cause the brake 86 to contact with the drum 29 by means of a spring 96. Due to the action of this spring, the brake 88 normally tends to prevent too free rotation of the rewinding shaft and thereby prevents the formation of an undue amount of slack. In the event, however, of not sufllcient slack, the tension on the film causes the lever 88 to move in opposition to the action of the spring 96, thereby relieving the braking action of the brake 88 to a corresponding extent and again producing the desired amount of operating slack or loop with a resultant desired tension on the film.

The lower brake 81, on the other hand, is normally so positioned as to exert no appreciable braking action 'on the drum 8. In the event, however, of undue tension on the film between the feeding sprocket 50 and the reel carried by the driving spindle 3, the film will be effective for swinging the lever 92 in such direction about its pivotal mounting 91 on the plate 93 as to bring the brake 81 into more effective braking engagement with the drum 8. Due to the fact that the spindle 3 is driven from the motor through a friction drive, this braking action will be effective for decreasing the driving force on the spindle 3, and consequently will relieve the .tension on the film and produce the desired operating conditions'between the sprocket and the lower reel. In this manner the required tension on the film with the requisite amount of slack or loop to insure proper feeding is automatically produced by the mere threading of the film into position and is automatically maintained by the operation of the tension or braking mechanism.

In order to make it unnecessary to utilize any considerable portion of the film for titles or legends, which are obviously adapted for so-called still projection, the apparatus is adapted to periodically occupy a position in which this still pro-' jection can be obtained. Preferably, the film will be of such construction, as will hereinafter be described in detail, as to automatically control the change in operating conditions of the apparatus to effect projection in motion, or still projection, the interval of time devoted to the actual still projection being entirely automatically produced, preferably by the film and mechanism controlled thereby.

As will be more particularly described herelnafter, when the changes in operating conditions to effect still projection take place the braking means 'of my invention may be automatically applied to the motor M. These braking means preferably are initially applied prior to the optravel of the light rays for protecting the film against danger of injury by reason of undue temperature conditions. For effectively shielding the film during such period, there is provided a trap or shield 98 carried by a shaft 99 having its upper end journaled in a bearing I projecting from the frame F and having its lower end suitably journaled inthe supporting base B. This shaft is adapted to be periodically and intermittently operated in accordance with the character of operation of the machine for bringing the shield positively into position when the apparatus is operating for the still projection of pictures and to throw it out of position for the projection of pictures in motion.

While the present apparatus is not necessarily limited to any particular field of use, it is primarily intended either for use in advertising for the successive showing of a length of film or for use by persons who may be unskilled in the art. With this dual purpose in view, it is desirable not only to provide for automatic control, but also to simplify the control to as great an extent as possible not only for the purpose of rendering the operation easier, but for the purpose of making such operation foolproof. For this purpose there is preferably provided a single control member in the form of a knob or button IOI projecting upwardly through an arcuate slot H32 in the supporting base B. This slot may be so shaped as to provide four operating stations designated, respectively, SI, S2, S3 and S4. The button ltl is adapted to be moved at will either manually so as to occupy any one of these stations, or automatically so as to occupy any of stations Si, S2 or S4. With this button at the station St, the respective parts of the apparatus are in such position as to insure the normal projection of pictures as usual motion pictures. With the control button at station S2, there is obtained a socalled still or stereopticon projection, the movement of the button from the station SI to the station S2 being eifective for disengaging the respective driving mechanisms which are in operation during the projection of pictures in motion. With the button in position at station S3, the respective parts of the apparatus are in such pos ti on as to permit the positioning of a film therein or the removal of a film which has just been fed therethrough. It will be understood that the movement of the button from station S2 to station S3 automatically produces the required change in the operating position of the parts. With the button in position at station S4, the respective parts of the apparatus are in such position as to permit rewinding of the film by means of the motor M. The movement of the button from station S3 to station S4 automatically produces the required change in operating conditions necessary for such rewinding. This provision of a single control member movable only in a predetermined manner and automatically effective upon movement for producing all of the necessary changes in operating conditions constitutes an important feature of the present invention, as it renders the control and operation of the appara tus extremely simple and substantially foolproof.

The control mechanism actuated either manually by the control knob or automatically as hereinafter set forth in detail, is to a large extent shown in Figures '1, 8, 9 and 10, inclusive, which illustrate in succession the change in the position of the parts of the control mechanism by movementof the control button successively to the respective stations. This mechanism may comprise a lever i633 keyed or otherwise secured to the lower end of a brake release rod I04 having its lower end journaled in any desired manner in the base B and its upper end journaled in a bearing bracket I105. Being secured to the brake release rod H14 which is capable only of a turning movement about its longitudinal axis, the lever M13 is restricted in its movements to rotation only. Carried by the rotating lever I03 is a combined sliding and rotating lever I06 having adjacent each end a slot n01 through each of which projects a headed pin I108 by means of which the combined sliding and rotating lever is effectively mounted on the rotating lever for rotational movement simultaneously therewith and sliding movement independently thereof. At its front end the lever H06 carries an upstanding pin I09 having a head 0 l0 provided with an inwardly projecting pin M0 adapted to engage a bayonet shaped slot iii in the pin I09. By reason of this construction it will be apparent that the button may be moved vertically on the pin I09 by a rotative movement thereof so that it may either occupy an upper or a lower position on the pin. At its lower end the button has a collar I I3 of a diameter to substantially conform to the contour of the slot [102 at the respective operating stations, whereby with the button in its lower position accidental movement from one of these stations is prevented, while with the button in its upper position the parts are free for automatic operation independently of any operator.

At a point intermediate its length the combined rotating and sliding lever I06 is provided with a transversely extending recess II4 adapted to cooperate with a pin l 05 projecting upwardly from a lever M5 which is secured adjacent one end on a control sleeve ill surrounding a control rod lit, the sleeve and rod extending upwardly through the base B and journaled for rotational movement in bearings i I9 carried by the bracket It and by an upper bearing I20 carried by the bracket 33. Adjacent its upper end the control sleeve M'I has projecting therefrom forked operating arms 112i carrying projecting pins I22 adapted to normally lie in the groove I23 of the clutch member 62 on the shutter shaft 56. By reason of this construction it will be apparent that upon rotation of the sleeve I H in a counterclockwise direction, as viewed in Figure 7, the clutch members 60 and GI will be disengaged, thereby destroying the driving relationship between the main drive shaft 2I and the shutter shaft 56.

At an intermediate point the control sleeve is also provided with a similar pair of arms I24 having pins l25 normally projecting into the groove I26 of the clutch collar 25. Rotation-of the sleeve in'a counter-clockwise direction as just described will be effective through the arms I24 for disengaging the driving spindle clutch to thereby permit the driving spindle to move freely in either direction. Engagement of the driving spindle clutch and the shutter shaft clutch will be effective for the so-called projection of pictures in motion but this engagement is not required for still or stereopticon results. This operation of the sleeve I I1 is obtained by moving the control button from station SI to station S2, or from the position shown in Figure 7 to the position shown in Figure 8, by reason of the relative movement imparted to the sleeve due to the sliding action of the lever I06. This movement will also be effective for bringing the projection I21 on the lever I I6 into holding engagement with the detent spring I28 whereby the sleeve will be held in the position to which it has just been moved until such time as the control button is manually moved from station S2 to station SI.

In changing from the normal projection to the projection of still pictures, it is also necessary to move the shield or screen 98 into position. This is positively accomplished simultaneously or in timed relation with the rotation of the sleeve II1, through the medium of a lever I29 pivoted at its intermediate portion on a stud pivot I30 secured in the base B. At one end the lever I29 has a slot I3I within which projects a pin I32 on an extension I 33 projecting from the lever 6. At its opposite end the lever I29 has a slot I34 in which projects a pin I35 extending down- Wardly from a crank arm I36 on the lower end of the shaft 99. Through the medium of the mechanism just described the movement of the lever I06 will rotate the lever I29 in such direction as to swing the light shield into light intercepting position. It will be noted that this movement of the light shield takes place positively in timed relation to the movement of the operating parts necessary in obtaining still projection, and thereby eliminates any possibility of injury to a film while stationary.

It may be assumed that after the single projection of a film, or the repeated projection thereof, it is desired to change the same, or that in starting it may be necessary to move the parts of the apparatus into such position that a film may be threaded into position therein. Under such circumstances the control button will be moved from station S2 to station S3. This movement will be effective only for rotating the brake release rod I04 and for bringing a recess I31 in the lever 106 into cooperative engagement with a pin I38 projecting upwardly from a lever I39 secured to the lower end of the control rod II8.

J The lever I39 is normally held in the position ilnew film into position. These operations are obtained by securing to the upper end of the brake release rod a pin I4I extending into a slot I42 in one arm of a bell crank lever I43 having a pivotal mounting I44 on the back of the frame F. The opposite arm of the bell crank lever is in cooperative engagement with one end of a link I45 movable through a slide or guide I45 and having its upper end bent inwardly to extend over the brake lever 68. Movement of the control button from the station S2 to the station S3 will be effective for rotating the brake release rod I04 in a clockwise direction, as viewed in Figure 9, thereby rotating the bell crank lever I43 in a counterclockwise direction, as viewed in Figure 4, and consequently rotating the brake lever 88 about its pivotal mounting 89 in opposition to the spring 96 for moving the brake 86 to inoperative position.

Movement of the lower brake is obtained simultaneously with actuation of the upper brake through the medium of a crank lever I41 secured at an intermediate point to the brake release rod. This crank lever has a slot I48 in its free end into which projects a downwardly extending pin I49 carried by the gate control rod 48. The right hand end of the gate control rod as viewed in Figure 3 is connected by a link I50 with the brake lever 92, whereby said brake lever and the gate control rod operate in unison. Movement of the brake release rod occasioned by operation of the control button from station S2 to station S3 is'eifective for rotating the plate 93 and all parts carried thereby in such direction as to lower the film guide 94 in the slot 95 and bring it into such cooperative relation to the guides and 83 as shown in Figure 3 as to facilitate the removal of a film or the positioning of another film. This movement of the gate control rod will also tend to separate the gate sections and will move the shield II into stripping and shielding position, as will be obvious.

If it is not desired to change a film, as would be the case in advertising for'example, the control button may be moved from station S3 to station S4, or may be moved from station S2 to station S4 without stopping at station S3. This movement will be effective byreason of the engagement between the recess I31 and the pin I38 for rotating the control rod II8. At its upper end this control rod carries spaced arms I5I similar to the arms I I1 and I24 previously described and provided with pins I52 normally lying in the groove I 53 in the rewinding clutch collar 36. The rotation of the control rod II8 as occasioned by the movement of the control button from station S3 to station S4 will be such as to move the rewinding clutch into operative position, whereby the spindle 2 is connected in driving engagement with the shaft 3I, this engagement being such that the film may be rewound by the continued operation of the motor M.

From the foregoing it will be apparent that the operation of a single control button performs in succession the necessary changes in the operating positions of the various parts for permitting any desired condition of operation of the apparatus. Upon movement of the control button from station S4 to station S3 the rewinding clutch will be disengaged and the lever I39 moved into cooperative engagement with the detent I40. Upon movement from the station S3 to the station S2, the recess I31 will leave the pin I38 and the brake release rod I04 will be rotated in the opposite direction to that heretofore described.

Upon movement of the button from station S2 other purposes wherein repetitive showing of the film is desirable, and wherein for practical reasons it is not feasible to have an operator in constant attendance. In such cases the movement of the control parts may be automatically obtained merely by moving the control button IN to its upper position on the pin I09 as before described. When in this position there will be no holding or looking effected by the button, so that all of the parts are free for automatic operation.'

Mechanism for this purpose is shown in Figures '7, 8, 9, and 11, while modified forms of control for this purpose are illustrated in Figures 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 18.

As shown in Figures 7 to 10, both inclusive, one form of mechanism may comprise a disc I68 having a pivotal or rotative support Hill on the base B. This disc has secured thereto the pin I09 whereby rotation of the disc will accomplish the same movement of the control mechanism as is eifected by movement of the button IIH. Such rotation may be obtained by providing a pinion I62 concentric with the support IGI. Cooperating with this pinion is a rack I63 preferably of rectangular or angular cross-section whereby it may be effectively held in a desired operating position by means of guides I64 on the base B. Formed'in the disc I60 is an arcuate slot I65 into which extends a stop pin I66 projecting downwardly from the base of the apparatus. The length of the slot is such that it will just permit enough rotation of the disc to move the pin I09 from station SI to station S4 or vice versa, the stop pin positively stopping the disc in desired position at these stations. Accidental movement away from these stations may be prevented by the provision of a comparatively strong tension spring I61 having one end secured to the disc and the opposite end attached to the base B, the point of attachment to the disc being such that after the disc passes a midpoint inmoving between stations SI and S4 the spring will be effective for assisting in completing such movement, the spring being placed under gradually increasing tension until such midpoint is reached.

For producing movement of the rack bar E63 it may be constructed either throughout, or may have end portions, of magnetic material adapted to act as cores for the solenoids I68 and I69. As viewed in Figures '7 to 10, it will be obvious that energization of the solenoid I68 will be effective for rotating the disc I60 in a clockwise direction. while energization of the solenoid I69 will effect rotation of the disc in the opposite direction. Thus, the solenoid I68 will be eifective for moving the control mechanism from station SI to station S4 to establish rewinding conditions, while the solenoid I69 will be operative at the conclusion of rewinding to reestablish projecting conditions.

The energizing of the respective solenoids at predetermined time intervals may obviously be accomplished automatically in a number of different ways. As illustrated in Figures 7 to 10. both inclusive, this may be efiected by the film j by securing to each end thereof a length of fire resisting or fireproof material m such as copper or the like, there being preferably a length of non-conducting material, such as asbestos a on at least one side of the film and either connecting the strip m thereto or serving to cover the strip m throughout a portion of its length. It may be assumed that the film is traveling in the direction indicated by the arrow in Figure 3 for projection purposes, such travel having effected display of the film and brought the strip m into contact with the upper guide which is of conducting material and secured to the brake lever 88 by insulation 1'.

At this time current will flow from a suitable source b to one terminal 1. of the solenoid I68, thence through the solenoid to the terminal 25 having a connection I10 with the guide 90. From the guide the circuit will be completed through the strip in to the container 4, spindle 2 and frame F connected by wire I'II to the opposite side of current source b. The solenoid thus energized will move rack bar I63 to the right and rotate disc I69 in a clockwise direction initially against the action of spring I61, and thereafter with the assistance of this spring to the limit allowed by the stop pin I66. During the first part of this movement the driving spindle clutch and the shutter clutch will be disengaged, while cluring the concluding part of the movement the rewinding spindle clutch will be thrown into engagement. This will start the rewinding of the film, and consequentlybreak the circuit of solenoid l68.

It will be apparent that the foregoing operation is obtained without throwing any extra load onto the motor M. Its maximum duty, and consequently its size, may thus be determined entirely by the projecting and rewinding operations, together with cooling as hereinafter described. This enables the use of a motor of minimum size and current consumption, which may be continuously operated in the same direction during the use of the apparatus.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that if the film is stripped from the toothed sprocket 56 during such time as the sprocket may be rotating at a relatively high speed, such operation is likely to cause the film to be injured by the sprocket teeth. Such injury may be prevented by employment of braking means, such as are illustrated in Figure 17. These braking means may be applied to a brake drum H2 fastoned on the shaft of the motor M or any other source of power which may be used to replace the motor M for driving the apparatus and the parts thereof such as the sprocket 50. This braking means may include two brake operating solenoids H 1 and H5, which have their cores connected by a bar member I'I2b. Strongly and rigidly mounted on the bar H2?) is an upwardly extending arm member I'I ia which has its upper end pivotally connected to the lower end of the pivoted member I73 which carries a brake shoe ill disposed in close proximity to the drum D at the right thereof as viewed in Figure 1'']. A pivoted member ll'li-l similar to the member I'I3 carries a brake shoe I'I'I' disposed on the opposite side of the drum D from the brake shoe H6. The lower end of the brake shoe carrying member H3 is connected by a link member I18 to the upper end of the member I Ma. Springs I'l3s and Ilts are fastened to the members H3 and H3 respectively normally to urge them away from the brake shoe D.

For operating the solenoid I'M there is provided a circuit which includes a conductor I'M connecting the coils of the solenoid I14 with the coil of the solenoid I68. The coil of the solenoid I68 is connected with a contact terminal I68 disposed at the right of the solenoid I68 as viewed in Figure 17. The circuit of the solenoid I174 further includes a conductor I'Mc leading to one side of a source of electricity 1). From the other side of the electric source b a conductor extends to a connection with an armature piece I'I2' which may be pivotally mounted at I12.

The .solenoid I75 has a circuit similar to the circuit described for the solenoid I'M which includes a conductor I'I5' connecting the solenoid I15 with the solenoid I69. The coil of the solenoid I69 is connected to a contact terminal I69 disposed on the opposite side of the armature I69 from the terminal I68. The solenoid I15 also has a connection with the source of electricity 1) extending through a conductor I150.

The armature piece I12 is disposed in normal position between the contacts I68 and I69 out of engagement with each contact, and may be arranged in a well known way to be attracted against the contact terminal I68 when the solenoid I68 is energized. This operation will close the circuit of the solenoid I14- which upon being energized moves the connecting member I 12b to the left as viewed in Figure 17 and brings the brake shoe I11 against the drum I12 and thereby slows down the source of power to which the drum is connected. When the solenoid I68 is de-energized the armature piece may be swung away from the contact I68 by gravity or by a well known arrangement of opposed springs to its Figure 17 or open position.

The solenoid I69 when energized will attract the armature piece I12 against the contact terminal I69" and close the circuit to the solenoid I15. This will cause the connecting bar I 12b to be moved to the right as viewed in Figure 1'1 and thereby pull the brake shoe I11 against the drum I12 and slow down the source of power. After the film has been moved a predetermined distance in a rewinding direction, for example, the circuit to solenoids I68 and I14 will be broken, thereby permitting the motor to operate at full speed for rewinding purposes.

It can be readily seen by those skilled in electro-magnetic devices from the disclosure hereinbefore regarding the application of a braking force to the drum I12 that the same means which effect the energization of the solenoid I15 concomitantly with the operation of the solenoid I69 will also be effective to energize the solenoid I15 upon the operation of the solenoid 2I8, the inner end of which is coextensive with the inher end of the solenoid I69.

At the conclusion of the rewinding, the strip 112 on the opposite end of the film will contact with the lower guide 94, also connected through insulation i with the brake lever .92. At this time current will flow from the source b to terminal t of the solenoid I69 and thence through the solenoid to terminal t having connection I16 with the guide 94. From this guide current will pass through strip m to container 5, spindle 3 and frame F to connection HI and source b. I

This will produce a reverse operation of disc I66, and consequently restore the parts to normal projecting position.

Since it is also desirable to slow down the rotation of the sprocket 56 during its re-engagement with the film, there is provided. the magnetic means I15 which is operable for applying the brake so long as solenoid I69 is energized. As

9 -this solenoid remains energized until after normal projection again commences, but is de-energized by the film movementthus produced, it will be apparent that the desired speed conditions are obtained at the exact time required.

In addition to efi'ecting a slowing down of the sprocket speed, it may also be desired to produce an actual dwell between the actual disengagement of the driving spindle clutch and the shutter clutch, and the engagement of the rewinding spindle clutch, or vice versa. This may be accomplished by the provision of a timing device in the form of a dash pot I84 with which cooperate pistons I85 and 3| 86 carried by a projection I 81 on the rack I63. The dash pot, which may be of double construction, has a controllable. release I88 for each end thereof whereby the speed of travel of the piston in either direction may be controlled, the length of slot I89 through which the projection I81 extends determining the time at which the dash pot first becomes efiective in either dimotion. This is desirable, as initially the rack bar should move at high speed to effect disengagement either of the driving spindle clutch and shutter clutch, or disengagement of the rewinding spindle clutch, depending on the direction of travel of the rack bar. Thereafter, the dash pot becomes effective, and by the setting of the release valves I86 variably times the period of dwell before the concluding movement of the rack bar is accomplished. This variable timing is of importance, as it provides flexibility for different operating conditions or films of difierent characteristics.

In Figure 11 there is illustrated a modified form of actuating mechanism in which-the rack I63 is replaced by a segmental rack I63 having an extension I96 formed with a slot I9I into which projects a pin ,I92 on the solenoid core I93 separated by solenoids I68 and I69 as before described. The segmental rack may be formed with a slot I65 into which extends a stop pin I66. A spring I61 similar in construction and operation to spring I61 may also be provided.

In Figure 12 there is illustrated a slightly modified form of circuit control in which the circuit is completed between a roller contact I95 with either guide 96 or 94 when a metallic portion 111 of the. film comes into position between the same.

Figure 13 illustrates still another embodiment, in which each reel or carrier R may have cooperating therewith a gravity operated contact finger I96 adapted when the film is completely unwound from either of the reels or carriers to come into contact with the metallic strip on the end of the film and complete the desired circuit.

Figure 14 is illustrative of still another form of circuit control in which the film f is illustrated as having secured adjacent each end thereof a metal contact clip I98 adapted to engage brushes I99 at one end or brushes 266 at the other end constituting part, respectively, of the circuits for solenoids 1168 and I69, and thereby completing the circuit when the clip at either end engages the corresponding brushes.

In Figure 15 the control for each end of the film is shown as comprising discs 26I engaging opposite sides of the film, and normally urged one toward the other by a spring 262. Adjacent each end this film has a portion 263- of reduced width, thereby permitting discs 26I to move together and engage contact 264 and thus complete the desired circuit.

The form of control shown in Figure 16 is desirable for some, but not all purposes, as it is notv definitely operable in successive cycles at exactly the same. points in the film travel, due to variations in the looseness of the film on the reels. It comprises, however, arms 265 pivotally mounted and secured to a link 266 cooperating at its lower end with a switch'arm 261 adapted to engage either contact 268 or contact 269. One of the arms 265 cooperates with the film on the upper reel, while the other arm cooperates with the film on the lower reel. By reason of this construction, when the film on thelower reel builds up to a predetermined diameter the link 266 will be moved downwardly, bringing the switch arm 261 into engagement with contact 266 in the circuit of solenoid I68, and thereby efiect rewinding.

- a contact H3.

When rewinding has continued to such an extent as to provide a predetermined diameter of film on the upper reel, the link 206 will move upwardly and cause switch arm 20'! to engage contact 209 in the circuit of solenoid I69. This will be effective for returning the parts to normal projecting position.

As before pointed out, titles, legends and the like are of such nature that still projection thereof accomplishes all of the results desired. Where such still projection can be obtained, it is possible to-efiect a saving of a very substantial portion of each length of film, as the desired matter need only appear in a comparatively few frames, the film remaining stationary while one of these frames is in projecting position. In order, however, to make it possible to obtain the full advantages of such a condition, it must be possible to change automatically from normal projection of pictures in motion to so-called still projection.

The present invention embodies means by which this change in operating conditions may be automatically produced, and the film held stationary I for a predetermined unit time interval,-or for a time interval representing any desired multiple of the unit interval. In Figure 19 there is illustrated in detail one form of mechanism by means of which such an operation is possible. In accordance with this embodiment, the film f may be provided at desired intervals, determined entirely by the character of the indicia appearing on the film at such intervals and the consequent desired type of projection of such indicia, with notches 2"]. Normally, the edge of the film cooperates with a finger 21 l urged toward the film by a spring 2 I2. When the film occupies such a position that a notch 2H) comes opposite the finger, the finger moves inwardly and engages The finger has a connection 2 with one terminal of a time relay M5, the opposite terminal of which is connected by wire 2l6 with the source of current b. The contact M3 is in turn connected by wire 2 l 'l' with the opposite side of the source of current.

Thus, the movement of the finger 2 l i inwardly automatically energizes the time relay. This relay in turn tontrols the energization of solenoid 2|8 into which extends the core 2l9 constituting part either of rack 183 as shown in Figures 7 to 10, or part of the core I93 of the form illustrated in Figure 11. In either case, the solenoid 2! when energized will be effective for moving the disc I in a clockwise direction. The dimensioning of the core 2|9 with respect to the center of the magnetic field of the solenoid 2l8 is such that the solenoid 2I8 will only be effective for moving the disc I60 a distance sufficient to bring the pin I09 to station S2, which is the station for still projection. The parts will remain in this position until the time relay, operating as well understood in the electrical art, breaks the circuit of solenoid 2l8. At such time the spring Mil or i6'l will be effective for automatically restoring the parts to normal projecting position at station The time relay may obviously be actuated by other means as shown, for example, for the solenoids jet and use.

If it is desired to have a still projection condition longer than that represented by one unit time interval of the time relay M5, the film may have a second notch 2H] in the next picture frame, so that the foregoing cycle will be immediately repeated. This repetition may occur as often as desired.

It will be understood that with the parts in position at station $2, the heat shield is in position and the shutter is out of operation. Both of these features are extremely desirable. The heat shield enables the use of a light source such as to give the desired results for normal projection which is usually considered as requiring approximately 40 per cent more light than that necessary for still projection. The heat shield may then be designed to filter out or obstruct approximately 40 per cent of the light rays, thereby preventing the film from becoming injured by the heat of the light rays focused thereon. In other forms of apparatus in which a heat shield has not been provided, it has been necessary in order not to injure the film during periods of still projection, to use a light source insufficient for normal projection in motion. The stopping of the shutter during still projection is also desirable, as it not only insures clearer projection during periods of still projection, but also renders all of the light passing through the shield capable of being effectively utilized. In other forms of apparatus the shutter has been continuously' operated during still projection. Thus it will be seen that for the light necessarily absorbed by the heat shield, when the still projection is effective, there is approximate compensation because of the cessation of movement of the shutter.

Since, however, the shutter is stopped during periods of still projection it is necessary to insure means for stopping the shutter in such position that it will not be in the path of projection of the picture or indicia being projected. This may be insured, as shown in Figure 20, by providing on the shutter shaft 56 a cam 22!] with which cooperates a spring pressed roller 220. If the disengagement of the shutter shaft should occur at a time when the roller is on one of the high points of the cam 220, it will be effective for rotating the shutter shaft as will be obvious. The high points of the cam occupy a definite relation to the shutter blades, so that the rotation, if

netically. This magnetic operation may be produced by providing in each shutter blade a button 222 of magnetic material, or permanently magnetized material. Carried by the frame F in such position as to cooperate with two blades of the shutter simultaneously are magnets 223 adapted to attract the buttons 222 and thus properly position the shutter. If desired, the magnets instead of being permanent, may be connected in parallel with the solenoid 2i8 as illustrated in Figure 18, whereby during all periods when the solenoid M8 is effective for producing still projection, the magnets 223 Will be energized.

It can be seen from the description hereinbefore that the brake members l9l may be applied to slow down the motor and the connected apparatus, including the shutter 68 and intermittent sprocket Sll, before these two parts are disconnected from the remainder of the apparatus. This initial slowing down of the shutter advantageously reduces the amount of work necessary to be done by the electromagnets 240 in completely stopping the shutter and also much reduces the shock of the stopping operation.

Under certain conditions of operation, it may be desirable to intermittently actuate the film at a slower speed than that possible with the motor M, to obtain in effect the projection of a succession of pictures as still or stereopticon pictures.

This may be accomplished by the provision of a supplemental driving means for the shutter shaft 56, and illustrated more particularly in Figures 2 and 5. This auxiliary driving mechanism comprises a shaft 224 mounted in bearings 225 on the back of the frame F. At its lower end this shaft carries a bevel gear 226 adapted to mesh with a similar gear 221 on the shutter shaft 56. Normally, the gears 226 and 221 are maintained out of engagement by means of a compression spring 228 effective for moving the shaft 224 upwardly. At its upper end this shaft carries a knurled actuating nut or knob 230 which may be grasped at will by an operator, thereby enabling him to bring the gears 226 and 221 into engagement for the slow rotation of the shutter shaft. At this time it will be understood that the control button will occupy a position at station S2.

To facilitate handling the apparatus, the frame F may have a portion thereof shaped to provide a handle grip 231, as clearly illustrated in the drawings.

Carried by the frame F and positioned adjustably in line with the aperture through the gate is a lens casing 232 of any usual construction adapted for the focusing of a projected picture on a desired surface. Also, any usual form of condensing lens 233 may be utilized.

The combined lighting resistance and ventilating unit is contained within the housing H. Within this housing is mounted in any desired manner a lamp L adjustably carried by a bracket 234 having a pivotal mounting 235 in a bracket 236. Also having a pivotal mounting in the bracket 236 is a reflector R.

Secured to one side of the housing is a resistance carrying unit 231 having a suitable resistance for the lamp L. Also mounted on the housing, and preferably exteriorly thereof, is a second resistance 238 with which cooperates a control finger 239 by means i of which resistance may be cut into or out of the motor operating circuit at will.

The housing H at its lower end is preferably in spaced relation to the base B to permit the free circulation of air into the housing, and the top of the housing is closed by a slatted or louvre cover 240, permitting the egress of heated air from the housing. A positive circulation of cooling air through the housing is preferably continuously maintained in such manner as to be effective both on the lamp L and the lamp resistance 231. This circulation may be maintained by means of a fan 2 of suitable construction mounted in the fan casing 242, and driven by an extension 243 of the armature shaft of the motor M.

The resistance 231 may be originally proportioned with respect to the circuit with which the apparatus is to be used and therefore requires no adjustment. At times, however, it is preferable to operate the apparatus at varying speeds and by means of the rheostat or resistance 238 this may be effectively accomplished.

In Figure 1 of the drawings the film carriers are shown as being enclosed and as having pins 244 serving to prevent over-running of'the film and protect the same generally. This protecting means may obviously be in the form of a casing or'magazine, a pin, flange or roller, and can be mounted upon the projector itself or upon the film contalner.

The combined brake and tension control tends to produce a uniform film feed and is adaptable to apparatus of the well known type utilizing prisms instead of shutters for projecting purposes. In such cases the tension control insures the required synchronization and registration of successive pictures.

The construction and location of the gate and sprocket enable these parts to be easily removed and other parts substituted for theaccommodation of films of different widths. This affords increased flexibility in the use of the apparatus whereby it is not limited to films of any one width.

As illustrated in Figure 21, the film adjacent the end secured to the lower carrier, reel or support, may have an elongated window w adapted to be in position over the sprocket at the conclusion of the rewinding operation. With this construction, when the driving spindle clutch is engaged, the take-up spindle 3 will be effective for frictionally initiating film movement. Thereafter, and while the film is in motion, it will be engaged in a normal manner by the sprocket so as to preclude possibility of shock or damage to the film.

Throughout the foregoing description reference has been made generally to projecting apparatus. The apparatus, however, is capable of use for regular photographic purposes in the taking of pictures.

Certain advantages of the present invention arise from the provision of an apparatus of the character adapted for the repetition display of a length of film, with means for automatically effecting reversal of the direction of travel of the film under such conditions that possibility of injury to the film either by heat, or by mechanical means, is materially minimized.

Other advantages arise from the provision in a photographic apparatus of means for electrically controlling the operation of the apparatus, the means preferably being such that the film itself is the determining element as to the time of reversal.

Still other advantages arise from the provision of a projecting apparatus embodying mechanisms adapted to occupy positions for either still projection or projection in motion, rnd automatic means preferably under the direct control of the film and comprising electrical means, for :ausing said mechanisms to occupy either posi- Additional advantages arise from reversing mechanisms for photographic apparatus of such nature that not only is a controllable dwell produced between reversals, but such that a change in speed of the film feeding means may be obtained at predetermined times. It has actually been found that the use of a fluid, and particularly air, is highly desirable for this purpose.

Further advantages arise from an automatically controlled reversing mechanism embodying a heat shield for the film and a shutter cut out effective in timed relation to each other to protect the film, enable use of a stronger light source, and to make possible the utilization of all light passed by the heat shield.

Still further advantages arise from a combined manual and automatic control, either of which may be utilized at will.

Other advantages arise from means necessarily operable at the commencement of normal feeding movement for first starting film feeding frictionally and then, effecting positive feeding.

Other advantages arise from means for auto- 

